Atmospheric - Duncan MacPhun - Wattpad

Atmospheric

Reads 245
Votes 39
Parts 22
Time 1h 3m

Reads 245
Votes 39
Parts 22
Time 1h 3m

The eruption of Tonga's underwater volcano, in January 2022, vaporized 
150 million tons of seawater and shot a geyser of super heated steam through the stratosphere. The water vapour, a strong greenhouse gas, may increase global temperatures for at least five years. 

For the past 800,000 years, atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) was about 290 parts per million (ppm).  Many people believe the current atmospheric CO2 concentration of 415 ppm is causing global warming. (While commercial greenhouses use 1000 to 1500 ppm of CO2 to optimize plant growth).  

But . . . there is no correlation between temperature and atmospheric CO2 over the past 500 million years, so CO2 does not appear to directly affect the temperature.

And . . . the automatic thermostatic effect of a small increase in cloud cover could offset the effect of greenhouse gases by reflecting more solar radiation back into space.

Between 717 and 635 million years ago, the Earth was probably covered in ice and snow. However, between 56 and 34 million years ago the average temperature near the poles was 25°C warmer than it is today.

The Little Ice Age devastated harvests in Europe from 1300 to 1850 CE, causing starvation and sickness.  Wood was expensive so, in London, England, people began burning coal despite the smoke and dirt. 


But . . . almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors.  In the past 70 years, the average life span increased from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income grew from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day.

This explosive growth in productivity (largely as a result of fossil fuels) was responsible for astonishing improvements in health, education, and longevity. 

Eliminating fossil fuels will cause massive declines in productivity but the average person is still expected to be four times richer by 2100 CE despite disruptions.   

Read WEALTH at  https://www.wattpad.com/user/duncmacphunAll Rights Reserved

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Atoms & Light by duncmacphun

In 1657, Otto von Guericke pumped the air from two hemispheres and eight horses could not pull them apart. Amontons found a volume of air shrank as the temperature fell and realized that it would become zero. In 1774, Joseph Priestley isolated oxygen while Lavoisier released hydrogen and burned this with oxygen to make water. In 1832, Michael Faraday built the first electric motor and generator. John Newlands noticed similar chemical properties in a list of elements demonstrating the existence of unknown elements. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek invented a microscope with 300 times magnification allowing him to see bacteria, spermatozoa and red blood cells. In 1605, Kepler concluded that all the planets moved in elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus of the ellipse. Galileo reported that the orbital periods of Jupiter's moons permitted accurate determination of longitude on Earth. Newton and Leibniz independently invented calculus, used extensively in mathematics, science, engineering and economics. WHO THE HELL ARE WE? is a series of short books and videos describing the evolution of civilization. Almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors only 50 years ago. This astonishing phenomenon has also improved health, education, and longevity. The cause; an explosive growth in ideas and productivity. It began when we learned to control fire, evolved articulate speech and stumbled onto the way to create infinite wealth; free trade. The discovery of agriculture made us richer but we also learned how to destroy wealth. Great civilization grew up but then disappeared leaving only incredible ruins and ideas. Later books detail some of the ideas and developments that increased the average life span from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day (and to $140 per day in some countries).

Combustion by duncmacphun

N.Otto was selling 634, 3 hp piston engines a year by 1875 and, between 1908 and 1927, Ford sold over 4 million Model T automobiles. In 1903 the Wright Brother's engine produced 1 horsepower for each 17 pounds of engine weight. In 1943, the Rolls-Royce Merlin aero engine developed 2,000 hp; 1.2 hp for each pound. W.von Braun developed the V-2 long-range rocket used in 1943. Also during World War 2, A.Franz, mass-produced the Jumo 004 turbojet for German aircraft. In 1945, the V-1 cruise missile was powered by a pulsejet engine with virtually no moving parts. The Lockheed "Blackbird" was the fastest manned ramjet; capable of Mach 2 to 4 supersonic speeds. On October 4, 1957 the satellite Sputnik 1 proved that the Soviets were capable of reaching any point in the USA with nuclear weapons. The Syncom 3 communication satellite was placed in geostationary orbits over the Pacific on August 19, 1964. In July 1969 N.Armstrong and B.Aldrin landed a Lunar Module on the moon. WHO THE HELL ARE WE? is a series of short books and videos describing the evolution of civilization. Almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors only 50 years ago. This astonishing phenomenon has also improved health, education, and longevity. The cause; an explosive growth in ideas and productivity. It began when we learned to control fire, evolved articulate speech and stumbled onto the way to create infinite wealth; free trade. The discovery of agriculture made us richer but we also learned how to destroy wealth. Great civilization grew up but then disappeared leaving only incredible ruins and ideas. Later books detail some of the ideas and developments that increased the average life span from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day (and to $140 per day in some countries).

Engineering by duncmacphun

Denis Papin built the first steam engine in 1705 and, by 1800, Boulton and Watt had built 451steam engines. In 1870, the British produced 4 million tons of coke for iron and steel production and locomotive and industrial engines. Axel Cronstedt identified tungsten in 1757. Tungsten carbide, proved almost as hard as diamond making it invaluable for cutting tools. Li Chun's Zhaozhou Bridge, in China, was finished in 605 CE and it is still in use. The Kap Shui Mun Bridge, Hong Kong, completed in 1997, has a main span of 430 metres (1,410 ft). In 1886, P.Héroult and C.Hall both dissolved alumina in cryolite, to make pure aluminum by electrolysis. E.Fouché and C.Picard developed oxygen-acetylene torches for welding and cutting steel in 1903. Henry Wickham smuggled 70,000 rubber tree seeds from Brazil, in 1876. Charles Goodyear developed vulcanization in 1840 and by 2017 the world produced 28 million tons of rubber; more than half of which was synthetic. WHO THE HELL ARE WE? is a series of short books and videos describing the evolution of civilization. Almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors only 50 years ago. This astonishing phenomenon has also improved health, education, and longevity. The cause; an explosive growth in ideas and productivity. It began when we learned to control fire, evolved articulate speech and stumbled onto the way to create infinite wealth; free trade. The discovery of agriculture made us richer but we also learned how to destroy wealth. Great civilization grew up but then disappeared leaving only incredible ruins and ideas. Later books detail some of the ideas and developments that increased the average life span from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day (and to $140 per day in some countries).

Ascension by lkhunt0814

There is no such thing as a good side and bad side in a war. We are both the good and bad side. It just depends on your perspective. At the end of the day when the sun goes down we are still the murderers who took the lives of hundreds and sometimes thousands. We are still the ones who have orphaned children. And you call us saints but no, soldiers are murderers who hide behind patriotism and lies. -Lorelei Jameson WARNING THIS IS A SEQUEL. Go read Journey before you read Ascension. Lorelei and Indiana escape from Headquarters only to find out that the war is in full swing. even though the Colony is getting more and more recruitments everyday they still only have a fraction of the amount the Extorians have. They start to receive aid from a planet known as Orion A in the Orion Binary system. The people on Cambaar start to wonder if they really are on the planet of Cambaar. Someone is keeping secrets and they might decide the fate of the Colony. The plan to end the war just might work but it is the most controversial topic in history. The people of Cambaar split into two sides over the final battle. Lorelei still doesn't believe it will work. As the war rages forward relationships unravel. Sanity is lost. And blood is spilt across the forbidding land. They finally begin to understand what it means when they hear "The price of war isn't just blood". 5- nuclear war (6-17-19)

steam by duncmacphun

On a 10 weeks sea trial in 1761, J.Harrison's chronometer was in error by less than 5 seconds. In 1758, Dr E.Darwin replaced the ancient front axle design with two stub axles, pivoting near the wheel; now a feature of all vehicles. F.G. Koenig used his steam driven press, to print an edition of The Times newspaper, in 1814. The Rocket locomotive won the 1829 Rainhill Trials with a top speed of 30 miles per hour. A steamship, from New York City took 115 days to reach to San Francisco in 1848. In 1851, all telegraph stations in the USA were connected and by 1940 there were 40 telegraph lines across the Atlantic. Corrugated paper was invented in 1856, to stiffen tall hats and, in 1874, Oliver Long inventing corrugated board. In 1861, waterwheel powered air compressors and pneumatic drills, cut construction time by 16 years for a tunnel in Switzerland. Fritz Haber's discovered a process to make ammonia fertilizer in 1914. In 1887, Nicola Tesla invented the first AC motor. In 1903, an automatic machine was able to make 2,500 bottles an hour. WHO THE HELL ARE WE? is a series of short books and videos describing the evolution of civilization. Almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors only 50 years ago. This astonishing phenomenon has also improved health, education, and longevity. The cause; an explosive growth in ideas and productivity. It began when we learned to control fire, evolved articulate speech and stumbled onto the way to create infinite wealth; free trade. The discovery of agriculture made us richer but we also learned how to destroy wealth. Great civilization grew up but then disappeared leaving only incredible ruins and ideas. Later books detail some of the ideas and developments that increased the average life span from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day (and to $140 per day in some countries).

Magical Dawn: A New Era on 2025 Earth by TIMEMASTER101

In the year 2025, it was an ordinary day when the first signs of something extraordinary appeared. The world had been full of chaos, environmental crises, and political unrest, but no one could have predicted that a far greater shift was about to occur, one that would change the very foundation on Earth. The first tremors were small, almost undetectable at first with an unnatural calmness in the atmosphere. Scientists, meteorologists, and geologists all dismissed the occurrences as anomalies, explanations rooted in the complexities of the Earth's natural cycles. But soon, things began to change when the skies turned a shade of violet in certain regions, and strange patterns of energy began to be detected around the planet. Deep within the Earth's core, a rise of energy had been awakened. Mana, a mystical force that had once existed only in the realms of ancient mythology or in fictional media, began to leak into the world, reshaping ecosystems, awakening ancient forces, and rewriting the laws of evolution. Now with the resurgence of Mana, Earth underwent an irreversible transformation and change from what we had originally known. Humans, animals, and even the very land itself adapted. Superhumans appeared, wielding godlike power, while mutant creatures threatened to reclaim the world for nature. World Governments scrambled to contain the chaos, leading to military conflicts, secret experiments, and uneasy alliances. From the rise of the first Superhumans that could split mountains to the monstrous creatures that could burn cities, every event was documented, through news reports, military logs, classified interviews, and firsthand accounts. In this new era of brutal race for survival, the only certainty is that power comes at a cost. A New Dark Age on Earth had begun.

Supernovae and Life by duncmacphun

Space and time began about 13.7 billion years ago but it consisted almost exclusively of hydrogen until some stars grew sufficiently massive to create the heavier elements in gigantic explosions called supernovae. The Sun formed about 4.6 billion years ago with an orbiting disk of debris that became the Solar System and, about 4.4 billion years ago, the Earth was cool enough for liquid water. Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus make up 99% of the mass of the human body. These elements combine to form molecules ranging from water to the twin helices of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that specify the genetic code. Life on Earth probably began with complex, virus-like molecules that over billions of years evolved cells and the ability to split carbon dioxide and water (H2O). The poisonous waste product, oxygen, released into the atmosphere, probably caused the first mass extinctions on Earth. WHO THE HELL ARE WE? is a series of short books and videos describing the evolution of civilization. Almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors only 50 years ago. This astonishing phenomenon has also improved the health, education, and longevity of almost everyone. The cause; an explosive growth in ideas and productivity. Civilization began when we discovered how to use fire and stumbled onto the way to create infinite wealth; free trade. The discovery of agriculture and trade made us richer but we also discovered how to destroy wealth. Great civilization grew up but then disappeared leaving only incredible ruins and ideas. Later books detail some of the ideas and developments that increased the average life span from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day (and to $140 per day in some countries).

Innsania 2C /Lucy pov/ by Blue_rose_707

Everything started in 2036. The pollution was so bad that the end of the world was predicted to be right around the corner. As complete panic set in around the world, the rich and important people were all gathered and placed on giant spaceships with enough resources and room to house generations of human beings. Before they left though, the government leaders fired As a result, most of the human population died off and earth was a complete wasteland. The little that survived started building local communities and trying to survive in the destroyed excuse of a planet. On the disaster of a planet, creatures mutated and were born out of the nuclear chemicals; creating new species and monsters that hunted humans. While hundreds and hundreds of years passed, the monsters kept evolving and the people kept adapting while still trying to keep a sort of community. They didn't want to lose all of their humanity and become nothing more than animals that hunted the monsters: then they would truly be no better than the monsters themselves. So they stayed civil while still doing what it took to survive.

Wealth by duncmacphun

Banking began in Florence, Venice and Genoa in the 14th century when Jews set up their benches in the piazzas to loan money and insure farmers crops. The ideas spread to Amsterdam and London, while the first stock exchange began in Amsterdam in 1611. Granted a charter in 1600, the East India company paid investors an average dividend of 16% per year. John Locke, by asserting that liberty was the basis for a prosperous society, influenced the United States Declaration of Independence. Lloyd's of London insurance market began in 1774. In 1776, Adam Smith explained how rational self-interest, competition and free markets would eliminate poverty. Milton Friedman maintained a country's abilities derived from its free markets while its failures came from government intervention. Bill Gates became rich by devising software that everyone wanted to buy. In the process he employed thousands in well paid jobs. In 2020, the U.S. flooded the economy with money to prevent a depression caused by a pandemic. WHO THE HELL ARE WE? is a series of short books and videos describing the evolution of civilization. Almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors only 50 years ago. This astonishing phenomenon has also improved health, education, and longevity. The cause; an explosive growth in ideas and productivity. It began when we learned to control fire, evolved articulate speech and stumbled onto the way to create infinite wealth; free trade. The discovery of agriculture made us richer but we also learned how to destroy wealth. Great civilization grew up but then disappeared leaving only incredible ruins and ideas. Later books detail some of the ideas and developments that increased the average life span from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day (and to $140 per day in some countries).

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Slide 1 of 9

Atoms & Light cover

Combustion cover

Engineering cover

Ascension cover

Magical Dawn: A New Era on 2025 Earth cover

Supernovae and Life cover

Innsania 2C /Lucy pov/ cover

Atoms & Light

In 1657, Otto von Guericke pumped the air from two hemispheres and eight horses could not pull them apart. Amontons found a volume of air shrank as the temperature fell and realized that it would become zero. In 1774, Joseph Priestley isolated oxygen while Lavoisier released hydrogen and burned this with oxygen to make water. In 1832, Michael Faraday built the first electric motor and generator. John Newlands noticed similar chemical properties in a list of elements demonstrating the existence of unknown elements. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek invented a microscope with 300 times magnification allowing him to see bacteria, spermatozoa and red blood cells. In 1605, Kepler concluded that all the planets moved in elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus of the ellipse. Galileo reported that the orbital periods of Jupiter's moons permitted accurate determination of longitude on Earth. Newton and Leibniz independently invented calculus, used extensively in mathematics, science, engineering and economics. WHO THE HELL ARE WE? is a series of short books and videos describing the evolution of civilization. Almost everyone on the planet is five times wealthier than their ancestors only 50 years ago. This astonishing phenomenon has also improved health, education, and longevity. The cause; an explosive growth in ideas and productivity. It began when we learned to control fire, evolved articulate speech and stumbled onto the way to create infinite wealth; free trade. The discovery of agriculture made us richer but we also learned how to destroy wealth. Great civilization grew up but then disappeared leaving only incredible ruins and ideas. Later books detail some of the ideas and developments that increased the average life span from about 40 years to more than 80 and the average world income from less than $3 to more than $33 per person per day (and to $140 per day in some countries).