Alkanes
Free radical substitution
- Cl2 and UV light/heat
Formation of alkanes:
Hydrogenation of alkenes
- H2 with Pt/Pd catalyst at rtp
- H2 with Ni at elevated temp and pressure
Decarboxylation of sodium carboxylate
- Heating with sodalime
Alkenes
Electrophilic addition of halogens
- X2 (l) or X2 dissolved in CCl4, room temp
Addition of HX
- HX(g) or HX dissolved in CCl4, room temp
Hydration
Laboratory - Indirect
- Cold conc. HCl, followed by heating at 80dc with water
Industrial – Direct
- water, H3PO4 as catalyst, at 300dc and 65atm
Hydrogenation
- H2 with Pt/Pd catalyst at rtp
- H2 with Ni at elevated temp and pressure
Oxidation
Mild
- cold dilute alkaline KMnO4
Purple decolorizes to colorless and brown ppt form
Vigorous
- Hot conc. Acidic KMnO4
Purple decolorizes to colorless
Formation of alkenes
Dehydration of alcohol
- excess conc. H2SO4 at 180dc /Al2O3 at 400dc
Dehydrogenation of halogenoalkanes
- alcoholic KOH, reflux
Benzenes
Nitration
- conc. H2SO4 and conc. HNO3, reflux under 60dc
Halogenation
- Cl2, AlCl3 as catalyst, rt
Alkylation
RCl, AlCl3 as catalyst, rt
Acylation
RCOCl, AlCl3 as catalyst, rt
Formation of benzene
Decarboxylation of sodium benzoate
- Sodalime, heat
Alkylbenzene
Same as benzene
Side-chain
Free radical substitution
- Cl2 and UV light/heat
Oxidization to -COOH
- acidic KMnO4, reflux
Alcohol
Reaction with reactive metals
- Cold
