SECONDARY CLASSIFICATION (SMALL LETTER GROUP):
This refers to three (3) types of fingerprint patterns only: the RADIAL LOOP, PLAIN ARCH, and the TENTED ARCH.
Whenever any of these patterns appears in any finger excluding the INDEX FINGERS the symbol in small letter as "r" for Radial loop, and "a" for Plain arch and "t" for Tented arch be exhibited in the classification line before and or after the Secondary Classification by capital letter, depending on the finger of origin.
The four fingers involved from the Right are NUMERATORS while those from the left hand DENOMINATORS.
SUB-SECONDARY CLASSIFICATION:
This is accomplished by grouping according to the ridge counts of loops and the ridge tracings of whorls. Ridge counts are translated into small and large, represented by symbols I, M or O denoting Inner, Meeting or Outer ridge tracings of the whorl types. Only six (6) fingers maybe involve in the sub secondary numbers 2, 3, 4, 7, 8 and 9.
- On blocks 2 and 7, ridge count of 1 to 9 is equivalent to " I" (inner), 10 over is "O" (outer).
-On blocks 3 and 8, ridge count of 1 to 10 is equivalent to "I", 11 over os "O".
-on blocls 4 and 9, ridge count of 1 to 13 is equivalent to "I", 14 over is "O".
MAJOR DIVISION
It is placed just to the left of the primary in the classification formula, and the concerned fingers are both thumbs. (right thumb and left thumb).
Where the whorls appear in the thumbs, the major division reflects the whorl tracings just as the sub secondary does.
Where the loops appear in the thumbs, a table is used to translate the ridge counts into the Small (S), medium (M), large (L) group designated by the letters S, M and L.
TABLE A:
1 to 11, inclusive , S (small)
12 to 16, inclusive, M (medium)
17 or more ridges, L (large)
TABLE B:
1 to 11 – S
12 to 16 – M
17 over - L
TABLE B – FOR SYMBOLS OF LOOPS:
to be applied only to the loop from the right thumb, when the ridge count of the loop from the left thumb is 17 or more.
A ridge count of 1 to 17 inclusive is S (small).
A ridge count of 18 to 22 inclusive is M (medium).
A ridge count of 23 or more is L (large).
THE FINAL CLASSIFICATION:
concerned finger are both little finger.
a. If the pattern of both little fingers are Arch – dash id indicated
ex. -/-
b. If the pattern of both little fingers are loop – just write/get the ridge counts.
ex. 9/12
c. If the pattern of both fingers are whorl, treat it as ulnar loop in enable to count the ridge.
- the double loop is counted from the delta to the core of the upright loop; where loops of a double loop are horizontals, the nearest core is used.
THE KEY
The key is obtained by counting the ridges of the first loop appearing on the fingerprint card (beginning with the right thumb), exclusive of the little fingers which are never considered for the key as they are resumed for the final, the key, no matter where found is always placed to the extreme left of the numerator of the classification formula.
When an impression is so scarred that neither the general type of pattern nor the ridge tracing or count can be determined with reasonable accuracy, and it so happen that the corresponding finger of the other hand is similarly scarred, both pattern given the arbitrary value of whorls with meeting tracings.
LATENT PRINTS:
- Fingerprints usually found at the crime scene are LATENT PRINTS known as chance impressions or latent prints. Latent means something hidden or concealed.
DEFINITION OF LATENT PRINTS:
- are those markings usually rather indistinct, left by the oily matters or perspiration exuded from the finger tips or palms upon any substances which the fingers/ palms may have touched. FOOT PRINT is also included.
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CRIMINALISTICS
RandomArticles published in here arent mine. These are from my review notes when I was preparing for the licensure examinations in 2017.
