COMPILATION OF RELIABLE REVIEWER FOR LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHER

FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION 2020

OVUM/OVA – female reproductive cell
SPERNATOZOON/SPERMATOZOA – male reproductive cell
SPERM/EGG – contains 23 chromosomes: 40, 000 – 60, 000 genes
IDENTICAL – UNIOVULAR twins: single ovum fertilized by a single sperm
NON-IDENTICAL – biovular/fraternal twins – two ova fertilized by two sperm
HEREDITY – new organism endowed with certain potentials from parents
MATURATION – heredity exerts influence long after birth
PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT:
PHYLOGENETIC PRINCIPLE – development has orderly sequence
CEPHALOCAUDAL – development from head to foot
PROXIMODISTAL – parts nearest the center develop earlier; ex. brain
ONTOGENETIC PRINCIPLE – development is unique to every individual
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT:
1. PRE-NATAL – fertilization to time of birth
2. INFANCY (birth-2 years) – foundation age of basic behavior patterns
3. EARLY CHILDHOOD (2-6 years) – pre-gang; exploratory; questioning age
4. LATE CHILDHOOD (6-12 years) – gang age; age of creativity
5. ADOLOESCENCE (13-19) – transition age
6. EARLY ADULTHOOD (19-40) – adjustments to new patterns of life
7. MIDDLE AGE (40-retirement) – adjustments to initial physical and mental decline
8. OLD AGE (retirement-death) – rapid physical and mental decline
THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT:
*PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY (Psycho-sexual) by SIGMUND FREUD
1. ORAL STAGE (birth-2) – mouth center of pleasure
2. ANAL AGE (2-4) – anal region center of pleasure
3. PHALLIC STAGE (4-6) – Phallus: male sex organs (strength and power)
OEDIPUS COMPLEX – to get mother’s attention
ELECTRA COMPLEX – to get father’s attention
4. LATENCY AGE (6-12) – calm stage
5. GENITAL STAGE (12-above) – puberty

*PSYCHO-SOCIAL THEORY by ERIK ERIKSON: 8 Basic Developmental Stages
STAGE 1 (0-18 months) – trust vs. mistrust
STAGE 2 (18m-3 years) – learns to walk; use of hands
STAGE 3 (3-6) – social and physical world
STAGE 4 (6-12) – neighborhood/school
STAGE 5 (12-18) – identity crisis
STAGE 6 (18-24) – age of intimacy
STAGE 7 (24-54) – most productive years of adulthood
STAGE 8 (54-death) – limits of life

*COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT THEORY (intellectual) by JEAN PIAGET
ASSIMILATION – experiences are integrated into existing scheme
ACCOMMODATION – creating new scheme

1. SENSORIMOTOR (birth-2) – learning based on sense perception
a. PRIMARY CIRCULAR REACTION - repeated actions; ex. thumb sucking
b. INTENTIONAL BEHAVIOR – child repeats action; ex. crying to get attention
c. OBJECT PERMANENCE – knowledge of the existence of objects
d. REPRESENTATION – seek solutions thru manipulation of symbols
2. PRE-OPERATION (2-7) – language skills
EGOCENTRIC – centered on self
IRREVERSIBLE – inability to rethink
3. CONCRETE OPERATION (7-11) – elementary school years
CONSERVATION – conceptualize retention and preservation of same quantity
REVERSIBILITY – understand completion of operations in reverse order
4. FORMAL OPERATION (11-16) – high school years; logical reasoning

*THEORY OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT by LAURENCE KOHLBERG
LV 1 – Pre-Conventional Morality: judgment based on external criteria
LV 2 – Conventional Morality: judgment based on group expectations
LV 3 – Post-Conventional Morality: recognize arbitrariness

LEWIS TERMAN – father of modern IQ test
THEORIES OF LEARNING:
1. STIMULUS-RESPONSE or ASSOCIATION THEORY – for every stimulus there is response
CONNECTIONISM by EDWARD LEE THORNDIKE – connection between S-R
a. Law of Readiness – prepared to respond
b. Law of Exercise – constant repetition of response
c. Law of Effect – result in satisfaction
2. THEORY OF CONDITIONING – new ways of reacting to stimuli developed thru attaching new stimuli
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING by IVAN PAVLOV on a dog– conditioning consists of eliciting response
ADHESIVE PRINCIPLE – response attached to every stimulus
EXCITATION – law of acquisition
EXTINCTION – conditioned response no longer elicited
STIMULUS GENERALIZATION – conditional response is also elicited by other stimuli
SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY – conditioned response re-occurs
OPERANT CONDITIONING by BURRHUS FREDERICK SKINNER on a rat – train by reward or punishment
FEEDBACK PRINCIPLE – response maybe reinforced by reward or punishment
3. SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY by RICHARD WALLACE and ALBERT BANDURA experiment of 3 models

COGNITIVE FIELD THEORY – learning as relativistic process
INSIGHT LEARNING – a basic sense of, feeling for relationship; experiment of Kohler on chimpanzee
VECTOR and TOPOLOGICAL THEORY by Kurl Lewin; change; move
INSTRUMENTAL CONCEPTUALISM by JEROME BRUNER – learning is thinking thru conceptualization
MENTAL DISCIPLINE – disciplining the mind
APPERCEPTION – relating new ideas to old ones
SOCIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION:
SOCIOLOGY – collective behavior of organized human beings
SOCIETY – group of individuals with well defined limits
GREGARIOUSNESS – desire to be with other people
GROUP – unit of interacting personalities
PRIMARY GROUP – intimate relationship among members; ex. family
SECONDARY GROUP – formal and casual relationship; ex. school