Man — struggling with work
Culture = man + environment
= how men live
Scientific progress - life more enjoyable - and challenging
Rapid changes in lifestyle, upbringing methods changed due to scientific development - guidance and counseling - movement - 20 century - counseling
Difficult times - advice of friends, elders and experiences
Modern methods - first discovered in America - American education system
Heart of counseling movement - issue of human nature
Conflicting opinions on basic nature of human beings
Bible calls man bad
Til middle ages it was society's responsibility to correct man
Man + unfavorable environment = bad (and vice versa)
Constructive and useful to society - counseling
Determinism vs self control debate
Modern science - cause and effect shape us
To choose one's partner or profession was not allowed I earlier times
Social development, industrialization etc made it a right - individual freedom - ideological shift in counseling
Simple life - ancient man - food collector
Education aspect : one must know self image and adjust with reality
Eg. People living on wrong career choices - solution : career counseling
1979 - wilhiem wundt - lab - Germany
1905 - binet and Simon
Army alpha and army beta - WW1
Different societies interpret mental health differently
Before 19 century - ignorance and superstitions
Client centred therapy - Carl Rogers
- profound effect on counseling psychology
- emphasis on client counselor relationship
- believed patient can self heal
WW1 and WW2 - great impact on psychology - psychometric tests, individual differences, IQ test, group tests etc - various researches
Margaret mead, Ruth Benedict - sociologists - indirectly contribute to counseling
Counseling development stages :
1. First 1850 -1900
2. Second 1900 - 1930
3. Third 1930 - 1940
Thorndike - alpha beta test
Modern age counselor - real, socially constructive behavior
Special counseling for students struggling with problems of adjustment
England usa France - counselors increasing
Davis - Detroit Central highschool counselor - first - 1898
Career Choices - Evie Weaver author - 1906
1908 - education bureau Houston - Parsons
William Halliey - psychopathic juvenile institute - Chicago
Hot button - USA - group counseling and mental health movement
Parsi panchayat - bureau - first career conference in india
Calcutta University - applied psychology - guidance and counseling
National Council of Education and Research NCERT - tests, information, training for vocational course
Problems with counseling
* Lack of understanding
* Difficulty in adapting the concept in modern education system of India
* Lack of trained counselors
* Lack of respect for counselors
* Lack of fundings
* Lack of proper indian tests
